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The Bode plotter is an electronic instrument resembling an oscilloscope, which produces a Bode diagram, or a graph, of a circuit's voltage gain or phase shift plotted against frequency in a feedback control system or a filter. An example of this is shown in Figure 10.
The major benefit achieved through this structure is iso-damping, i.e. overshoot being independent of the payload or the system gain. The usage of fractional elements for description of ideal Bode's control loop is one of the most promising applications of fractional calculus in the process control field. [3]
Bode was one of the great engineering philosophers of his era. [3] Long respected in academic circles worldwide, [4] [5] he is also widely known to modern engineering students mainly for developing the asymptotic magnitude and phase plot that bears his name, the Bode plot.
This page was last edited on 19 July 2005, at 14:41 (UTC).; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may ...
In a simple situation, the Warburg element manifests itself in EIS spectra by a line with an angle of 45 degrees in the low frequency region. Figure 2 shows an example of EIS spectrum (presented in the Nyquist plot ) simulated using the following parameters: R S = 20 Ω, C dl = 25 μF, R ct = 100 Ω, A W = 300 Ω•s −0.5 .
The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together, according to base pairing rules (A with T and C with G), with hydrogen bonds to make double-stranded DNA. The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups, the single-ringed pyrimidines and the double-ringed purines. In DNA, the pyrimidines are ...
Adenine and guanine have a fused-ring skeletal structure derived of purine, hence they are called purine bases. [4] The purine nitrogenous bases are characterized by their single amino group (−NH 2), at the C6 carbon in adenine and C2 in guanine. [5] Similarly, the simple-ring structure of cytosine, uracil, and thymine is derived of ...
H-type fold pseudoknots are best characterized. In H-type fold, nucleotides in the hairpin-loop pair with the bases outside the hairpin stem forming second stem and loop. This causes formation of pseudoknots with two stems and two loops. [11] Pseudoknots are functional elements in RNA structure having diverse function and found in most classes ...