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2. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

   Graphs of y = b x for various bases b: base 10, base e, base 2, base ⁠ 1 / 2 ⁠. Each curve passes through the point (0, 1) because any nonzero number raised to the power of 0 is 1. At x = 1, the value of y equals the base because any number raised to the power of 1 is the number itself.

3. Knuth's up-arrow notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knuth's_up-arrow_notation

   The sequence starts with a unary operation (the successor function with n = 0), and continues with the binary operations of addition (n = 1), multiplication (n = 2), exponentiation (n = 3), tetration (n = 4), pentation (n = 5), etc. Various notations have been used to represent hyperoperations.

4. Scientific notation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_notation

   The number 1 230 400 is usually read to have five significant figures: 1, 2, 3, 0, and 4, the final two zeroes serving only as placeholders and adding no precision. The same number, however, would be used if the last two digits were also measured precisely and found to equal 0 – seven significant figures.

5. Power of two - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_of_two

   The only known powers of 2 with all digits even are 2 1 = 2, 2 2 = 4, 2 3 = 8, 2 6 = 64 and 2 11 = 2048. [12] The first 3 powers of 2 with all but last digit odd is 2 4 = 16, 2 5 = 32 and 2 9 = 512. The next such power of 2 of form 2 n should have n of at least 6 digits.

6. Euler's totient function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_totient_function

   In the last section of the Disquisitiones [50] [51] Gauss proves [52] that a regular n-gon can be constructed with straightedge and compass if φ(n) is a power of 2. If n is a power of an odd prime number the formula for the totient says its totient can be a power of two only if n is a first power and n − 1 is a power of 2. The primes that ...

7. Factorial - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial

   40 320: 9: 362 880: 10: 3 628 800: 11: ... all positive integers less than or equal to ... equation and remain bounded for complex numbers with real part between 1 ...

8. Algebraic operation - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_operation

   Multiplication symbols are usually omitted, and implied, when there is no operator between two variables or terms, or when a coefficient is used. For example, 3 × x 2 is written as 3x 2, and 2 × x × y is written as 2xy. [5] Sometimes, multiplication symbols are replaced with either a dot or center-dot, so that x × y is written as either x ...

9. Square (algebra) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(algebra)

   Squaring is the same as raising to the power 2, and is denoted by a superscript 2; for instance, the square of 3 may be written as 3 2, which is the number 9. In some cases when superscripts are not available, as for instance in programming languages or plain text files, the notations x^2 or x**2 may be used in place of x 2.