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A frequency comb or spectral comb is a spectrum made of discrete and regularly spaced spectral lines.In optics, a frequency comb can be generated by certain laser sources.. A number of mechanisms exist for obtaining an optical frequency comb, including periodic modulation (in amplitude and/or phase) of a continuous-wave laser, four-wave mixing in nonlinear media, or stabilization of the pulse ...
Because the wavelengths of an OPG+OPA system can be varied (unlike most lasers which have a fixed wavelength), they are used in many spectroscopic methods. As an example of OPA, the incident pump pulse is the 800 nm (12500 cm −1 ) output of a Ti:sapphire laser , and the two outputs, signal and idler, are in the near-infrared region, the sum ...
The first 2DES spectra were recorded in 1998. [3] 2DES has been combined with photoelectrochemical recordings (PEC2DES) to study charge separation in the photosynthetic complex photosystem I, which is the physiological output signal in contrast to fluorescence. [4] This method provides experimental access to the action spectra of the complexes.
Two-photon absorption can be measured by several techniques. Some of them are two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), [10] z-scan, self-diffraction [11] or nonlinear transmission (NLT). Pulsed lasers are most often used because two-photon absorption is a third-order nonlinear optical process, [12] and therefore is most efficient at very high ...
The other laser line passes through a delay stage, which allows the experimenter to vary the delay between the laser pulses impinging on the sample. Time-resolved two-photon photoelectron spectroscopy usually employs a combination of ultrafast optical technology as well as ultrahigh vacuum components. The main optical component is an ultrafast ...
Since communication over a single wavelength is one-way (simplex communication), and most practical communication systems require two-way (duplex communication) communication, two wavelengths will be required if on the same fiber; if separate fibers are used in a so-called fiber pair, then the same wavelength is normally used and it is not WDM ...
In contrast to optical heterodyne techniques, no alignment or mode matching of the reference is necessary. The long wavelength of the microwaves leads to effective point coherent scattering from the plasma in the laser focal volume, so phase matching is unimportant and scattering in the backward direction is strong.
If, however, the laser is approximately on resonance, these two beams address the same atoms, those with velocity vectors nearly perpendicular to the direction of laser propagation. In the two-state approximation of an atomic transition, the strong pump beam will cause many of the atoms to be in the excited state; when the number of atoms in ...
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