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The lowest energy transfer to Mars is a Hohmann transfer orbit, a conjunction class mission which would involve a roughly 9-month travel time from Earth to Mars, about 500 days (16 mo) [citation needed] at Mars to wait for the transfer window to Earth, and a travel time of about 9 months to return to Earth. [9] [10] This would be a 34-month trip.
USA (NASA) OAO-2: 21 December 1968: First human excursion beyond low Earth orbit. First in-person observations of Earth from a distance. First Trans-Earth injection. USA (NASA) Apollo 8 [25] 24 December 1968 First human flight to another celestial body (the Moon) and to enter its gravitational influence. USA (NASA) Apollo 8 [25] January 1969
He proposed that the order of the planets, by increasing distance, was: the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the fixed stars. [20] Ptolemy's model and his collective work on astronomy was presented in the multi-volume collection Almagest , which became the authoritative treatise on Western astronomy for the next fourteen ...
NASA's Apollo program, however, landed twelve people on the Moon and returned them to Earth. The American Vision for Space Exploration, originally introduced by U.S. President George W. Bush and put into practice through the Constellation program, had as a long-term goal to eventually send human astronauts to Mars. However, on February 1, 2010 ...
Contact with Venera 1 was lost 7 days after launch. It was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus, or indeed any planet. [78] Mariner 2: Venus 27 August 1962 14 December 1962 110 days (3 months, 18 days) Mariner 2 flew by Venus at a minimum distance of 34,773 km. It was the first spacecraft to return data from Venus. [79] Mars 1: Mars 1 November 1962
Launch of Mariner 1 in 1962. The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets.Between 1962 and late 1973, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) designed and built 10 robotic interplanetary probes named Mariner to explore the inner Solar System – visiting the planets Venus, Mars and Mercury for the first time, and returning to Venus and Mars for ...
In 2012, Thomas B. Kerwick wrote that the distance to the outer planets made their human exploration impractical for now, noting that travel times for round trips to Mars were estimated at two years, and that the closest approach of Jupiter to Earth is over ten times farther than the closest approach of Mars to Earth.
Mars: Viking 1: First surface-level imaging of Mars. USA 20 July 1976 Saturn: Pioneer 11: First flyby. Distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi). USA 1 September 1979 Venus: Venera 13: First sound recording made on another planet. USSR 1 March 1982 Orbital Space Station: Soyuz T-5, Salyut 7: First species of plant to flower in space. [63]