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  2. Dilution (equation) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilution_(equation)

    If one adds 1 litre of water to this solution, the salt concentration is reduced. The diluted solution still contains 10 grams of salt (0.171 moles of NaCl). Mathematically this relationship can be shown by equation: = where c 1 = initial concentration or molarity; V 1 = initial volume; c 2 = final concentration or molarity; V 2 = final volume....

  3. Molar concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_concentration

    Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [1] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase c {\displaystyle c} : [ 2 ]

  4. Jones–Dole equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones–Dole_equation

    [4] [5] The Jones–Dole expression works well up to about 1 M, but at higher concentrations breaks down, as the viscosity of all solutions increase rapidly at high concentrations. The large increase in viscosity as a function of solute concentration seen in all solutions above about 1 M is the effect of a jamming transition at a high ...

  5. Defining equation (physical chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining_equation...

    The labeling is arbitrary in initial choice, but once chosen fixed for the calculation. If any reference to an actual entity (say hydrogen ions H + ) or any entity at all (say X) is made, the quantity symbol q is followed by curved ( ) brackets enclosing the molecular formula of X, i.e. q (X), or for a component i of a mixture q (X i ).

  6. Mass fraction (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_fraction_(chemistry)

    A solution with 1 g of solute dissolved in a final volume of 100 mL of solution would be labeled as "1%" or "1% m/v" (mass/volume). This is incorrect because the unit "%" can only be used for dimensionless quantities. Instead, the concentration should simply be given in units of g/mL.

  7. Equivalent concentration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalent_concentration

    Here, ⁠ 1 / f eq ⁠ can have a fractional (non-integer) value. In precipitation reactions, the equivalence factor measures the number of ions which will precipitate in a given reaction. Here, ⁠ 1 / f eq ⁠ is an integer value. Normal concentration of an ionic solution is also related to conductivity (electrolytic) through the use of ...

  8. Mass concentration (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_concentration_(chemistry)

    In chemistry, the mass concentration ρ i (or γ i) is defined as the mass of a constituent m i divided by the volume of the mixture V. [1]= For a pure chemical the mass concentration equals its density (mass divided by volume); thus the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called the density of a component in a mixture.

  9. Thermodynamic activity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_activity

    The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.