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Erasto Bartholomeo Mpemba [1] (1950–2023) [note 1] was a Tanzanian game warden who, as a schoolboy, discovered the eponymously named Mpemba effect, a paradoxical phenomenon in which hot water freezes faster than cold water under certain conditions; this effect had been observed previously by Aristotle, Francis Bacon, and René Descartes.
Temperature vs time plots, showing the Mpemba Effect. The Mpemba effect is the name given to the observation that a liquid (typically water) that is initially hot can freeze faster than the same liquid which begins cold, under otherwise similar conditions. There is disagreement about its theoretical basis and the parameters required to produce ...
The 'recent view of the Mpemba effect' was put in as balance as recent papers still remain undecided over the reason for the Mpemba effect, at least there is no consensus in the recent scientific literature; the reasons still being given are in the 'Causes' section of the article.
The Mpemba Effect relates to hot water freezing faster than cold water in certain circumstances, none of which is identified as having been thrown up in the air. Also, while the Mpemba Effect is not well understood, the trick of throwing hot water into very cold air so that it quickly vaporizes and then condenses into small droplets and freezes ...
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operation [1]. Of those there are eight in the United States (US) [2]. In 2003 the EPA reported in the Federal Register that on average approximately seven tons of mercury were missing from each plant in the year 2000 [3]. These chlor-alkali plants have an average of fifty-six cells, each containing as much as 8,000 pounds of mercury [4] and,
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The Kongo cosmogram (also called yowa or dikenga cross, Kikongo: dikenga dia Kongo or tendwa kia nza-n' Kongo) is a core symbol in Bakongo religion that depicts the physical world (Ku Nseke), the spiritual world (Ku Mpémba), the Kalûnga line that runs between the two worlds, the sacred river that forms a circle through the two worlds, the four moments of the sun, and the four elements.