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One possible cause of Harlequin syndrome is a lesion to the preganglionic or postganglionic cervical sympathetic fibers and parasympathetic neurons of the ciliary ganglion. [7] It is also believed that torsion (twisting) of the thoracic spine can cause blockage of the anterior radicular artery leading to Harlequin syndrome. [ 8 ]
Auscultation shows crackles or wheezing. Oxygen saturation usually shows hypoxemia. In most cases chest radiological examination shows signs of pulmonary edema, but a significant minority have a normal initial chest X-Ray. [3] Rapid resolution of initial signs and symptoms within 48 hours is typical.
A wheeze is a clinical symptom of a continuous, coarse, whistling sound produced in the respiratory airways during breathing. [1] For wheezes to occur, part of the respiratory tree must be narrowed or obstructed (for example narrowing of the lower respiratory tract in an asthmatic attack), or airflow velocity within the respiratory tree must be heightened.
Respiratory sounds, also known as lung sounds or breath sounds, are the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. [1] These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral characteristics of lung sounds. [2]
Abdominal thrusts are not recommended in children less than one year old because they can cause liver damage. [60] The back blows and chest thrusts are alternated in cycles of five back blows and five chest compressions until the object comes out of the infant's airway or until the infant becomes unconscious. [60]
Asthma causes recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the early morning. [ 4 ] Exercise-induced asthma is common in asthmatics, especially after participation in outdoor activities in cold weather.
A video taken while trekking toward the large, man-made body of water through the snow-covered Sierra Nevadas shows her laughing with her friend. “Wooo!” she shouts, breath visible in the ...
A common genetic cause is cystic fibrosis, which affects chloride ion transport. [28] Another genetic cause is primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare disorder that leads to immotility of cilia and can lead to situs inversus. [52] When situs inversus is accompanied by chronic sinusitis and bronchiectasis, this is known as Kartagener's syndrome. [53]