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The first individual alkaloid, morphine, was isolated in 1804 from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). [1] Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral [2] and even weakly acidic properties. [3]
Due to the polar nature of the water molecule itself, other polar molecules are generally able to dissolve in water. Most nonpolar molecules are water-insoluble ( hydrophobic ) at room temperature. Many nonpolar organic solvents , such as turpentine , are able to dissolve nonpolar substances.
Imidazole is a highly polar compound, as evidenced by its electric dipole moment of 3.67 D, [12] and is highly soluble in water. The compound is classified as aromatic due to the presence of a planar ring containing 6 π-electrons (a pair of electrons from the protonated nitrogen atom and one from each of the remaining four atoms of the ring).
Protopine is an alkaloid occurring in opium poppy, [2] Corydalis tubers [3] and other plants of the family papaveraceae, like Fumaria officinalis. [4] Protopine is metabolically derived from the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (S)-Reticuline through a progressive series of five enzymatic transformations: 1) berberine bridge enzyme to -Scoulerine; 2) (S)-cheilanthifoline synthase/CYP719A25 to (S ...
Some alkaloids are more stable as ionic salts than as free base. The salts usually exhibit greater water solubility. Common counterions include chloride, bromide, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, oxalate, citrate, and tartrate. Ammonium salts formed from the acid–base reaction with hydrochloric acid are known as hydrochlorides.
The platinichloride B 4 ·H 2 PtCl 6 forms orange-red needles ("B" denotes one mole of the alkaloid base in this and the following formula). Iodine in potassium iodide added to an alcoholic solution of the base in the presence of a little hydrochloric acid gives a characteristic periodide, B 2 ·HI·I 2 , crystallizing in steel-blue needles ...
Theobromine is derived from Theobroma, the name of the genus of the cacao tree, with the suffix -ine given to alkaloids and other basic nitrogen-containing compounds. [13] That name in turn is made up of the Greek roots theo (" god ") and broma ("food"), meaning "food of the gods".
In nonpolar solvents, a range between 0.2 and 0.6 kcal/mol has been estimated, but in polar solvents the axial conformer may be more stable. [21] The two conformers interconvert rapidly through nitrogen inversion ; the free energy activation barrier for this process, estimated at 6.1 kcal/mol, is substantially lower than the 10.4 kcal/mol for ...