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  2. Phase transition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition

    Phase transitions commonly refer to when a substance transforms between one of the four states of matter to another. At the phase transition point for a substance, for instance the boiling point, the two phases involved - liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist.

  3. Polyamorphism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyamorphism

    A liquidliquid transition however, is one that occurs only in the liquid state (red line in the phase diagram, top right). In this article liquidliquid transitions are defined as transitions between two liquids of the same chemical substance.

  4. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Liquid crystal states have properties intermediate between mobile liquids and ordered solids. Generally, they are able to flow like a liquid, but exhibiting long-range order. For example, the nematic phase consists of long rod-like molecules such as para-azoxyanisole , which is nematic in the temperature range 118–136 °C (244–277 °F). [ 10 ]

  5. Liquid crystal - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal

    Liquid crystal color transitions are used on many aquarium and pool thermometers as well as on thermometers for infants or baths. [84] Other liquid crystal materials change color when stretched or stressed. Thus, liquid crystal sheets are often used in industry to look for hot spots, map heat flow, measure stress distribution patterns, and so on.

  6. Landau–de Gennes theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landau–de_Gennes_theory

    In physics, Landau–de Gennes theory describes the NI transition, i.e., phase transition between nematic liquid crystals and isotropic liquids, which is based on the classical Landau's theory and was developed by Pierre-Gilles de Gennes in 1969.

  7. Boiling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling

    Rolling boil of water in an electric kettle. Boiling or ebullition is the rapid phase transition from liquid to gas or vapour; the reverse of boiling is condensation.Boiling occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, so that the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere.

  8. Phase (matter) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)

    This percentage increases as the temperature goes up. At 100 °C and atmospheric pressure, equilibrium is not reached until the air is 100% water. If the liquid is heated a little over 100 °C, the transition from liquid to gas will occur not only at the surface but throughout the liquid volume: the water boils.

  9. Vaporization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporization

    Vaporization (or vapo(u)risation) of an element or compound is a phase transition from the liquid phase to vapor. [1] There are two types of vaporization: evaporation and boiling. Evaporation is a surface phenomenon, whereas boiling is a bulk phenomenon (a phenomenon in which the whole object or substance is involved in the process).