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The scale is a public document. Since it is in the public domain, it is widely available for administration. The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is composed of fourteen items. On the scale, each item is presented in a specific format. Following the item number, the item itself is listed along with a brief description of the criterion.
The Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was designed by William W. K. Zung M.D. (1929–1992) a professor of psychiatry from Duke University, to quantify a patient's level of anxiety. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The SAS is a 20-item self-report assessment device built to measure anxiety levels, based on scoring in 4 groups of manifestations: cognitive ...
Aaron T. Beck et al. (1988) combined three separate anxiety questionnaires, with 86 original items, to derive the BAI: the Anxiety Checklist, the Physician's Desk Reference Checklist, and the Situational Anxiety Checklist. [2] The BAI is used for measuring the severity of anxiety in adolescents and adults ages 17 and older.
The scale is composed of 24 items divided into 2 subscales, 13 concerning performance anxiety, and 11 pertaining to social situations. The 24 items are first rated on a Likert Scale from 0 to 3 on fear felt during the situations, and then the same items are rated regarding avoidance of the situation. [7]
In 2003, the Adult Manifest Anxiety Scale was introduced. It was made for three different age groups. [13] The AMAS takes into account age-related situations that affect an individual's anxiety. The divisions include one scale for adults (AMA-A), one scale for college students (AMAS-C), and the other for the elderly population (AMAS-E).
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. [1] In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. [1] Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart).
Stress and anxiety-reducing techniques, like meditation or massage, can help. They can ease symptoms, but only for a short time. If the palpitations are a temporary rise in heart rate, and the patient is stable, simple techniques called vagal maneuvers might work. [13] They involve slowing the heart rate through certain actions.
A number of researchers have explored HADS data to establish the cut-off points for caseness of anxiety or depression. Bjelland et al (2002) [3] through a literature review of a large number of studies identified a cut-off point of 8/21 for anxiety or depression. For anxiety (HADS-A) this gave a specificity of 0.78 and a sensitivity of 0.9.
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