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Levée en masse (French pronunciation: [ləve ɑ̃ mɑs] or, in English, mass levy [1]) is a French term used for a policy of mass national conscription, often in the face of invasion. The concept originated during the French Revolutionary Wars, particularly for the period following 16 August 1793, [2] when able-bodied men aged 18 to 25 were ...
Józef Brandt, Pospolite Ruszenie at a River Ford, 1880. Pospolite ruszenie (Polish pronunciation: [pɔspɔˈlitɛ ruˈʂɛɲɛ], lit. mass mobilization; "Noble Host", [1] Latin: motio belli, [2] the French term levée en masse is also used [3]) was the wartime mobilisation of all or a specific part of able-bodied male population of the state into armed forces during the period of the Kingdom ...
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en garde "[be] on [your] guard". "On guard" is of course perfectly good English: the French spelling is used for the fencing term. en passant in passing; term used in chess and in neurobiology ("synapse en passant.") En plein air en plein air lit. "in the open air"; particularly used to describe the act of painting outdoors. en pointe en pointe
In order to raise more troops for the war, Carnot introduced conscription: the levée en masse approved by the National Convention was able to raise France's army from 645,000 troops in mid-1793 to 1.5 million in September 1794. He was the first to execute the modern waging of war with mass armies and strategic planning realized by the Revolution.
There is a huge variety of idioms in Quebec that do not exist in France, such as fait que ("so"); en masse ("a lot"); s'en venir (for arriver and venir ici); ben là! or voyons donc! ("oh, come on!"), de même (for comme ça). Entire reference books have been written about idioms specific to Quebec. A handful of examples among many hundreds:
Along with the levée en masse declared the next year, it was part of the growing idea of "people's war" which developed during the French Revolution, where ideology "not only conscripted manpower for the regular armies but also inspired ordinary people to fight on their own account." [1] The text of the declaration reads:
It is generally used to describe a targeted killing of civilians en masse by an armed group or person. The word is a loan of a French term for "butchery" or "carnage". [2] [3] Other terms with overlapping scope include war crime, pogrom, mass killing, mass murder, and extrajudicial killing.