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8, has been described as having a carbon oxidation state of − 8 / 3 . [19] Again, this is an average value since the structure of the molecule is H 3 C−CH 2 −CH 3, with the first and third carbon atoms each having an oxidation state of −3 and the central one −2.
If the structure is not known, the average bond valence, S a can be calculated from the atomic valence, V, if the coordination number, N, of the atom is known using Eq. 3. = / (Eq. 3) If the coordination number is not known, a typical coordination number for the atom can be used instead.
When an oxidizer (Ox) accepts a number z of electrons ( e −) to be converted in its reduced form (Red), the half-reaction is expressed as: Ox + z e − → Red. The reaction quotient (Q r) is the ratio of the chemical activity (a i) of the reduced form (the reductant, a Red) to the activity of the oxidized form (the oxidant, a ox).
The oxidation number of the most common chalcogen compounds with positive metals is −2. However the tendency for chalcogens to form compounds in the −2 state decreases towards the heavier chalcogens. [29] Other oxidation numbers, such as −1 in pyrite and peroxide, do occur. The highest formal oxidation number is +6. [6]
X = number of atoms of carbon, Y = number of atoms of hydrogen, Z = number of atoms of oxygen, and M = number of atoms of metal (metallic oxide produced). In the case of TNT (C 6 H 2 (NO 2) 3 CH 3), Molecular weight = 227.1 X = 7 (number of carbon atoms) Y = 5 (number of hydrogen atoms) Z = 6 (number of oxygen atoms) Therefore,
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