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Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition. Therefore, the difference in ...
Reference electrodes generally used are hydrogen electrodes, calomel electrodes, and silver chloride electrodes. The indicator electrode forms an electrochemical half-cell with the interested ions in the test solution. The reference electrode forms the other half-cell. The overall electric potential is calculated as
An ion-selective electrode (ISE), also known as a specific ion electrode (SIE), is a simple membrane-based potentiometric device which measures the activity of ions in solution. [1] It is a transducer (or sensor ) that converts the change in the concentration of a specific ion dissolved in a solution into an electrical potential .
Most electrodes work over a limited range of conditions, such as pH or temperature, outside of this range the electrodes behavior becomes unpredictable. The advantage of a pseudo-reference electrode is that the resulting variation is factored into the system allowing researchers to accurately study systems over a wide range of conditions.
A second electrode acts as the other half of the cell. This second electrode must have a known potential to gauge the potential of the working electrode from; furthermore it must balance the charge added or removed by the working electrode. While this is a viable setup, it has a number of shortcomings.
Cathodic stripping voltammetry is a voltammetric method for quantitative determination of specific ionic species. [6] It is similar to the trace analysis method anodic stripping voltammetry, except that for the plating step, the potential is held at an oxidizing potential, and the oxidized species are stripped from the electrode by sweeping the potential negatively.
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The Gran plot is based on the Nernst equation which can be written as = + {+} where E is a measured electrode potential, E 0 is a standard electrode potential, s is the slope, ideally equal to RT/nF, and {H +} is the activity of the hydrogen ion.