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Psalm 23 is traditionally sung during the third Shabbat meal [14] [15] as well as before the first and second, and in some of Jewish communities during the Kiddush. It is also commonly recited in the presence of a deceased person, such as by those keeping watch over the body before burial, and at the funeral service itself.
It is a metrical psalm commonly attributed to the English Puritan Francis Rous and based on the text of Psalm 23 in the Bible. The hymn first appeared in the Scots Metrical Psalter in 1650 traced to a parish in Aberdeenshire. [1] It is commonly sung to the tune Crimond, which is generally credited to Jessie Seymour Irvine. [2]
When God is made man, man becomes a worm (Psalm 22), a sheep (Psalm 23), or a tree. Verse 2 describes the righteous as "a freshly planted tree" and continues this metaphor by referring to the "braunches", "fruite" and "leafe" of the tree as ways of describing a prosperous follower of God. This imagery continues through the rest of the Psalter.
The New International Version (NIV) is a translation of the Bible into contemporary English. Published by Biblica, the complete NIV was released on October 27, 1978 [6] with a minor revision in 1984 and a major revision in 2011. The NIV relies on recently-published critical editions of the original Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek texts. [1] [2]
The oldest surviving manuscript of the psalm comes from the Dead Sea Scrolls, first discovered in 1947. Significantly, the 5/6 H. ev–Sev4Ps Fragment 11 of Psalm 22 contains the crucial word in the form of what some have suggested may be a third person plural verb, written כארו (“dug”).
The Hebrew scriptures were an important source for the New Testament authors. [13] There are 27 direct quotations in the Gospel of Mark, 54 in Matthew, 24 in Luke, and 14 in John, and the influence of the scriptures is vastly increased when allusions and echoes are included, [14] with half of Mark's gospel being made up of allusions to and citations of the scriptures. [15]
Psalm 2 is the second psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Why do the heathen rage". In Latin, it is known as "Quare fremuerunt gentes" . [ 1 ] Psalm 2 does not identify its author with a superscription, but Acts 4:24–26 in the New Testament attributes it to David . [ 2 ]
In this cantata however, Bach used the hymn text unchanged, a 1530 hymn in five stanzas written by Wolfgang Meuslin as a paraphrase of Psalm 23. [4] The hymn is sung to the melody of " Allein Gott in der Höh sei Ehr ", the German Gloria , by Nikolaus Decius (1522).