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A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in simple invertebrates, including flatworms (Platyhelminthes), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. [1]
Flatworm flame cell. A protonephridium (proto = "first") is found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera and Chordata . They have the same anatomy as the metanephridia but with the internal ciliated funnel blocked by terminal cells: either a flame cell (if ciliated) or a solenocyte (if flagellated).
In addition to excretion, these cells contribute to ion regulation and osmoregulation. [citation needed] With this in mind, solenocytes form subtypes of protonephridium and are often compared to another specialized excretory cell type, i.e., flame cells. [citation needed] Solenocytes have flagella, while flame cells are generally ciliated. [3]
A schematic representation of a flame cell and other associated structures. Nemertea use organs called protonephridia [27] to excrete soluble waste products, especially nitrogenous by-products of cellular metabolism. [31] In nemertean protonephridia, flame cells which filter out the wastes are embedded in the front part of the two lateral fluid ...
Also, flame cells remove unwanted liquids from the body by passing them through ducts which lead to excretory pores, where waste is released on the dorsal surface of the planarian. The triclads have an anterior end or head where sense organs, such as eyes and chemoreceptors , are usually found.
Flame retardants added for decades to thousands of consumer products in the United States may raise the risk of dying from cancer, according to new research.. People with the highest levels of ...
Brominated flame retardants have been linked to learning problems, hormone disruption, and reduced fertility Researchers warn after 25 types of toxic flame retardant found in human breast milk ...
The tube cells' flagella drive the water towards exits called nephridiopores, while their microvilli reabsorb reusable materials and as much water as is needed to keep the body fluids at the right concentration. These combinations of flame cells and tube cells are called protonephridia. [5] [15]