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A flame cell is a specialized excretory cell found in simple invertebrates, including flatworms (Platyhelminthes), rotifers and nemerteans; these are the simplest animals to have a dedicated excretory system. Flame cells function like a kidney, removing waste materials. Bundles of flame cells are called protonephridia. [1]
In biology, solenocytes are elongated, flagellated cells commonly found in lower invertebrates, such as flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes), chordates (sub-phylum Cephalochordata) and several other animal species. [citation needed] In terms of function, solenocytes play a significant role in the excretory systems of their host organism(s). [1]
Platyhelminthes (from the Greek πλατύ, ... These combinations of flame cells and tube cells are called protonephridia. [5] [15] In all platyhelminths, ...
Flatworm flame cell. A protonephridium (proto = "first") is found in the phyla Platyhelminthes, Nemertea, Rotifera and Chordata . They have the same anatomy as the metanephridia but with the internal ciliated funnel blocked by terminal cells: either a flame cells (if ciliated) or a solenocytes (if flagellated).
Each proglottid contains an independent reproductive tract, and like some other flatworms, cestodes excrete waste through flame cells (protonephridia) located in the proglottids. The sum of the proglottids is called a strobila, which is thin and resembles a strip of tape; from this is derived the common name "tapeworm".
Each tubule within the excretory system is connected to a flame cell, otherwise known as protonephridia. These cells are modified parenchyme cells. In F. hepatica, their role is to perform excretion, but more importantly, osmoregulatory functions. Flame cells are therefore primarily used to remove excess water. [20]
Like most platyhelminthes, aspidogastreans use flame cells as an excretory mechanism. The two excretory bladders are located dorsally, on the anterior side of the posterior sucker, connected to ducts, and three flame cell "bulbs" on each side of the body; the ducts contain cilia to aid the flow of excreta.
Rhabditophora (from rhabdito-, rhabdite + Greek-φορος [-phoros], bearer, i.e., "rhabdite bearers") is a subphylum (previously a class) of flatworms.It includes all parasitic flatworms (clade Neodermata) and most free-living species that were previously grouped in the now obsolete class Turbellaria.