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The Chinese are thought to have skipped the bloomery process completely, starting with the blast furnace and the finery forge to produce wrought iron; by the fifth century BC, metalworkers in the southern state of Wu had invented the blast furnace and the means to both cast iron and to decarburize the carbon-rich pig iron produced in a blast ...
Former AHM blast furnace in Port of Sagunt, Valencia, Spain. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical furnace used for smelting to produce industrial metals, generally pig iron, but also others such as lead or copper. Blast refers to the combustion air being supplied above atmospheric pressure. [1]
In a blast furnace, iron oxides are reduced by a combination of CO, H 2, and carbon. Only around 10% of the iron oxides are reduced by H 2. With H 2 enrichment, the proportion of iron oxides reduced by H 2 is increased, consuming less carbon is consumed and emitting less CO 2. [47] This process can reduce emissions by an estimated 20%.
The pelletizing of powdered iron ores was first introduced at the end of the nineteenth century, utilizing tar as a binding agent, comprising 1% by weight. [1] This method involved firing the mixture in a rotating drum to create pellets suitable for blast furnaces, while also facilitating the removal of undesirable elements such as sulfur and ...
Pig iron, also known as crude iron, is an intermediate good used by the iron industry in the production of steel. It is developed by smelting iron ore in a blast furnace . Pig iron has a high carbon content, typically 3.8–4.7 %, [ 1 ] along with silica and other dross , which makes it brittle and not useful directly as a material except for ...
This used a blast furnace to make pig iron, which then had to undergo a further process to make forgeable bar iron. Processes for the second stage include fining in a finery forge. In the 13th century during the High Middle Ages the blast furnace was introduced by China who had been using it since as early as 200 b.c during the Qin dynasty.
For blast furnaces, direct reduction corresponds to the reduction of oxides by the carbon in the coke. However, in practice, direct reduction only plays a significant role in the final stage of iron reduction in a blast furnace, by helping to reduce wustite (FeO) to iron. In this case, the chemical reaction can be trivially described as follows ...
A metallurgical furnace, often simply referred to as a furnace when the context is known, is an industrial furnace used to heat, melt, or otherwise process metals. Furnaces have been a central piece of equipment throughout the history of metallurgy ; processing metals with heat is even its own engineering specialty known as pyrometallurgy .
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