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Summary of the main ethanol blends used around the world in 2013. Several common ethanol fuel mixtures are in use around the world. The use of pure hydrous or anhydrous ethanol in internal combustion engines (ICEs) is only possible if the engines are designed or modified for that purpose, and used only in automobiles, light-duty trucks and motorcycles.
However, the fuel systems of cars, trucks, and motorcycles sold before the ethanol mandate may suffer substantial damage from the use of 10% ethanol blends. Flexible-fuel cars, trucks, and minivans use gasoline/ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol . By early 2013 there were around 11 million E85-capable vehicles on U.S ...
In line with the observations in Japan, hydrous ethanol is known to be less corrosive than anhydrous ethanol. The reaction mechanism is 3 EtOH + Al -> Al(OEt) 3 + 3 ⁄ 2 H 2 at lower-mid blends. When enough water is present in the fuel, aluminum will react preferably with water to produce Al 2 O 3 , repairing the protective aluminum oxide layer.
In Brazil, ethanol fuel is neat at the pumps, hence flexible-fuel vehicles (FFV) including trucks, tractors, motorbikes and mopeds run on E100. The 85% fraction is commonly sold at pumps worldwide (outside the US), and when specifically supplied or sold as E85 is always 85% ethanol (at pumps or in barrel).
Some of the nation's largest truck makers on Thursday pledged to stop selling new gas-powered vehicles in California by the middle of the next decade, part of an agreement with state regulators ...
Ethanol production rises to the 4-billion-US-gallon (15,000,000 m 3) level. Between 1997 and 2002, three million U.S. cars and light trucks are produced which could run on E85, a blend of 85% ethanol with 15% gasoline. Almost no gas stations sell this fuel however.
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Alcohol is used as a social lubricant, maybe more so as holiday festivities approach. But drinking carries health and other risks. Here are five tips to make it safer.