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The plaque reduction neutralization test is used to quantify the titer of neutralizing antibody for a virus. [1] [2] The serum sample or solution of antibody to be tested is diluted and mixed with a viral suspension. This is incubated to allow the antibody to react with the virus. This is poured over a confluent monolayer of host cells.
Neutralizing antibodies are used for passive immunisation, and can be used for patients even if they do not have a healthy immune system. In the early 20th century, infected patients were injected with antiserum, which is the blood serum of a previously infected and recovered patient containing polyclonal antibodies against the infectious agent.
A negative test result shows a tight button or spot of red blood cells on the surface of the test dish. Often a plastic test plate containing many small "wells" is used as the test dish so that many patients may be tested at the same time but their results can be kept separate from each other.
An antibody elution removes bound antibody from the surface of a red blood cell to aid in the antibody identification process. An antibody elution is a clinical laboratory diagnostic procedure which removes sensitized antibodies from red blood cells, in order to determine the blood group system antigen the antibody targets. [1]
In 2009, researchers isolated and characterized the first HIV bNAbs seen in a decade. The two broadest neutralizers were PGT151 and PGT152. They could block about two-thirds of a large panel of HIV strains. Unlike most other bNAbs, these antibodies do not bind to known epitopes, on Env or on Env's subunits (gp120 or gp41).
The antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination. It is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules, such as pathogens and their chemical toxins. In the blood, the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex.
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