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Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.
Phase-contrast imaging is the highest resolution imaging technique ever developed, and can allow for resolutions of less than one angstrom (less than 0.1 nanometres). It thus enables the direct viewing of columns of atoms in a crystalline material. [20] [21] The interpretation of phase-contrast images is not a straightforward task.
Quantitative phase contrast microscopy or quantitative phase imaging are the collective names for a group of microscopy methods that quantify the phase shift that occurs when light waves pass through a more optically dense object. [1] [2] Translucent objects, like a living human cell, absorb and scatter small amounts of light.
X-ray absorption (left) and differential phase-contrast (right) image of an in-ear headphone obtained with a grating interferometer at 60kVp. Phase-contrast X-ray imaging or phase-sensitive X-ray imaging is a general term for different technical methods that use information concerning changes in the phase of an X-ray beam that passes through an object in order to create its images.
After its introduction in the 1940s, live-cell imaging rapidly became popular using phase-contrast microscopy. [11] The phase-contrast microscope was popularized through a series of time-lapse movies (see video), recorded using a photographic film camera. [12] Its inventor, Frits Zernike, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1953. [13]
[citation needed] [5] It was at a Physical and Medical Congress in Wageningen in 1933, that Zernike first described his phase contrast technique in microscopy. He extended his method to test the figure of concave mirrors. His discovery lay at the base of the first phase contrast microscope, built during World War II. [citation needed]
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