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In 1995, Jo C. Phelan and Bruce G. Link developed the theory of fundamental causes.This theory seeks to outline why the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health disparities has persisted over time, [1] particularly when diseases and conditions previously thought to cause morbidity and mortality among low SES individuals have resolved. [2]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [1] Identified by the 2012 World Development Report as one of two key human capital endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. [2]
Poor health outcomes appear to be an effect of economic inequality across a population. Nations and regions with greater economic inequality show poorer outcomes in life expectancy, [31]: Figure 1.1 mental health, [31]: Figure 5.1 drug abuse, [31]: Figure 5.3 obesity, [31]: Figure 7.1 educational performance, teenage birthrates, and ill health due to violence.
A central premise is that "social systems generate inequality, which is manifested over the life course via demographic and developmental processes." [2] Cumulative inequality and cumulative advantage/disadvantage (CAD) are two different but interrelated theories. Cumulative inequality has drawn from various theoretical traditions, including CAD.
Even still, 1.2 million of those 4 million women are living below the poverty line. [90] There are many reasons why these disparities exist. Black women are more likely to be found occupying lower paying service jobs than any other demographic. [88] Only 2.2% of all board seats in Fortune 500 companies are held by Black women.
Because of the calendar, Social Security recipients who get Supplemental Security Income benefits get their first 2025 check on Dec. 31, 2024.
China's gender inequality within their education system dates back centuries, but despite some improvement over time has a long way to go. Huge economic and societal development since the 1980s has become a major factor in improving gender equality in not only their education systems but China as a whole.
By Raphael Satter. WASHINGTON (Reuters) - A senior U.S. official who is among those working to evict alleged Chinese hackers from American telecom companies has a word of advice for his fellow ...