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Low SES (socioeconomic status) is an important determinant to quality and access of health care because people with lower incomes are more likely to be uninsured, have poorer quality of health care, and or seek health care less often, resulting in unconscious biases throughout the medical field. [12]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." [1] Identified by the 2012 World Development Report as one of two key human capital endowments, health can influence an individual's ability to reach his or her full potential in society. [2]
Although many women still face gender bias in their experiences with the healthcare system, progress has been made towards a fairer system. The Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health at Texas Tech University was founded in 2007, and has supported integration of "sex-specific instruction in medical education."
Addressing gender bias in mental health care is, first and foremost, a systemic issue. Above all, providers, researchers, and lawmakers need to raise awareness of how gender bias impacts treatment ...
The Health Secretary said non-white people could trust the NHS with their health, but said it was important to see what more could be done. ‘Systemic racial bias’ likely in health services ...
Male obstetricians-gynecologists can be negatively impacted by a patient's desire to have a female clinician for a woman's health care needs. Due to socially prescribed roles for men and women, men are often discouraged from entering this specialty and can receive judgement based on unconscious or conscious bias. [46]
Research has demonstrated that numerous health care professionals show implicit bias in the way that they treat patients. [6] Certain diseases have a higher prevalence among specific racial groups, and life expectancy also varies across groups. [2] [3] [4]
Three major mechanisms are suggested by the Institute of Medicine that may contribute to healthcare disparities from the provider's side: bias (or prejudice) against racial and ethnic minorities; greater clinical uncertainty when interacting with minority patients; and beliefs held by the provider about the behavior or health of minorities. [126]