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Figure 1 Pennate muscle fiber arrangements. The green lines represent PCSA; the blue lines represent ACSA. In muscle physiology, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) is the area of the cross section of a muscle perpendicular to its fibers, generally at its largest point.
A third subcategory, muscular hydrostats, can also be considered. Architecture type is determined by the direction in which the muscle fibers are oriented relative to the force-generating axis. The force produced by a given muscle is proportional to the cross-sectional area, or the number of parallel sarcomeres present. [2]
Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building. Sometimes a person may notice an increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise, such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only on the right biceps.
ophthalmic artery, lateral muscular branch trochlear nerve [CNIV] abducts, intorts, and depress eye: right medial, superior, and inferior recti (superior and inferior oblique muscles are the synergists) 2 1 oblique, inferior: head, extraocular (left/right) orbital surface of maxilla, lateral to lacrimal groove
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. [ 1 ] The muscular systems in vertebrates are controlled through the nervous system although some muscles (such as the cardiac muscle ) can be completely autonomous.
The human musculoskeletal system (also known as the human locomotor system, and previously the activity system) is an organ system that gives humans the ability to move using their muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.
The gluteus maximus is larger in size and thicker in humans than in other primates. [3] Specifically, it is approximately 1.6 times larger relative to body mass compared to chimpanzees and comprises about 18.3% of total hip musculature mass versus 11.7% in chimpanzees. [ 11 ]
Unlike the endomysium, the perimysium has large variations in quantity and organization from one muscle group to another. [12] Muscles contain far more perimysial than endomysial connective tissue, and it has also been observed that the ratio of the dry mass of perimysium to that of endomysium ranges between 2.8-1 and 64–1. [13]