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An approach plate for the ILS or LOC approach to runway 14L at Cologne Bonn Airport, Germany.. Approach plates (or, more formally, instrument approach procedure charts) are the printed or digital charts of instrument approach procedures that pilots use to fly instrument approaches during instrument flight rules (IFR) operations.
In aviation, the instrument landing system (ILS) is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-range guidance to aircraft to allow them to approach a runway at night or in bad weather. In its original form, it allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 m) over the ground, within a 1 ⁄ 2 mile (800 m) of the runway.
Non-directional beacons (NDB)s operate on low frequency and medium frequency bands 190–415 kHz and 510–535 kHz. The instrument landing system (ILS) glide path operates in the UHF range of 329.3–335.0 MHz with marker beacons at 75 MHz. Distance measuring equipment (DME) also uses UHF from 962 to 1150 MHz. [2]
Emission patterns of the localizer and glide slope signals Glide slope station for runway 09R at Hannover Airport in Germany. In aviation, instrument landing system glide path, commonly referred to as a glide path (G/P) or glide slope (G/S), is "a system of vertical guidance embodied in the instrument landing system which indicates the vertical deviation of the aircraft from its optimum path ...
A receiver on an aircraft uses this information to correct GPS signals, which then provides a standard instrument landing system (ILS)-style display to use while flying a precision approach. The FAA has stopped using the term LAAS and has transitioned to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) terminology of ground-based ...
In general, each specific instrument approach specifies the minimum weather conditions to permit landing. Although large airliners, and increasingly, smaller aircraft, carry their own terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), [ 14 ] these are primarily backup systems providing a last layer of defense if a sequence of errors or omissions ...
Helicopters may use Category A minima on instrument procedures designed for aeroplanes, or may use specific procedures designed for helicopters. [1]: II-5-1-4 II-5-1-4 Threshold speed is calculated as 1.3 times stall speed V s0 or 1.23 times stall speed V s1g in the landing configuration at maximum certificated landing mass. [ 1 ] :
Locator Outer Marker (LOM), a High Frequency (HF) Non-Directional Beacon, co-located with an "outer marker" (OM) 75-MHz Marker Beacon. Middle marker antenna at KONT A marker beacon is a particular type of VHF radio beacon used in aviation , usually in conjunction with an instrument landing system (ILS), to give pilots a means to determine ...