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from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal. Maharaja from Hindi and Sanskrit: A great king. Mantra from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation. Masala from Urdu, to refer to flavoured spices of Indian origin.
Via Darjeeling is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language thriller drama film directed by Arindam Nandy. [1] It stars Kay Kay Menon , Sonali Kulkarni , Vinay Pathak , Sandhya Mridul and Rajat Kapoor . [ 2 ] [ 3 ]
The modern Hindi and Urdu standards are highly mutually intelligible in colloquial form, but use different scripts when written, and have lesser mutually intelligibility in literary forms. The history of Bible translations into Hindi and Urdu is closely linked, with the early translators of the Hindustani language simply producing the same ...
It was developed and in regular use by the 8th century CE [7] and achieved its modern form by 1000 CE. [10] The Devanāgarī script, composed of 48 primary characters, including 14 vowels and 34 consonants, [ 11 ] is the fourth most widely adopted writing system in the world, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] being used for over 120 languages.
Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. [33] [38] Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.
The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include Na and the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. Nepali and Marathi texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form for an initial "R" instead of repha.
The virāma in the sequence C 1 + virāma + C 2 may thus work as an invisible control character to ligate C 1 and C 2 in Unicode. For example, ka क + virāma + ṣa ष = kṣa क्ष; is a fully conjoined ligature. It is also possible that the virāma does not ligate C 1 and C 2, leaving the full forms of C 1 and C 2 as they are:
Each language is assigned a two-letter (set 1) and three-letter lowercase abbreviation (sets 2–5). [2] Part 1 of the standard, ISO 639-1 defines the two-letter codes, and Part 3 (2007), ISO 639-3, defines the three-letter codes, aiming to cover all known natural languages, largely superseding the ISO 639-2 three-letter code standard.