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Cross-bridge theory states that actin and myosin form a protein complex (classically called actomyosin) by attachment of myosin head on the actin filament, thereby forming a sort of cross-bridge between the two filaments. The sliding filament theory is a widely accepted explanation of the mechanism that underlies muscle contraction.
This process aligns actin and myosin filaments for efficient cross-bridge formation while also recruiting myosin heads from dormant states into contraction-ready configurations. [ 6 ] [ 10 ] Additionally, stretching the sarcomeres sensitizes the thin (actin) filaments to calcium, promoting stronger and more sustained contractions. [ 6 ]
Many mechanisms exist reflecting the myriad types of cross-couplings, including those that do not require metal catalysts. [7] Often, however, cross-coupling refers to a metal-catalyzed reaction of a nucleophilic partner with an electrophilic partner. Mechanism proposed for Kumada coupling (L = Ligand, Ar = Aryl).
Specifically, it increases the rate of phosphate release from myosin by stabilizing the pre-powerstroke and the phosphate release states, [8] thereby accelerating the rate-determining step of the cross-bridge cycle, which is the transition of the actin-myosin complex from the weakly bound to the strongly bound state.
Bypassing a crash at the bridge; Allowing an oversize load to bypass a low bridge; Some factors make turning left onto a diverging diamond interchange from the highway ramp more hazardous: 1) There is a yield sign instead of a traffic light. 2) The driver can not see if the light for the through traffic is red or green.
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In a plate girder bridge, the plate girders are typically I-beams made up from separate structural steel plates (rather than rolled as a single cross-section), which are welded or, in older bridges, bolted or riveted together to form the vertical web and horizontal flanges of the beam. In some cases, the plate girders may be formed in a Z-shape ...