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Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
An acute anticholinergic syndrome is reversible and subsides once all of the causative agents have been excreted. Reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor agents such as physostigmine can be used as an antidote in life-threatening cases. Wider use is discouraged due to the significant side effects related to cholinergic excess including ...
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS, sometimes called Call-Fleming syndrome) is a disease characterized by a weeks-long course of thunderclap headaches, sometimes focal neurologic signs, and occasionally seizures. [1] Symptoms are thought to arise from transient abnormalities in the blood vessels of the brain. [1]
Cholinergic crisis, sometimes known by the mnemonic "SLUDGE syndrome" (Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal distress and Emesis), [4] can be a consequence of: Contamination with - or excessive exposure to - certain chemicals including: nerve agents, (e.g., sarin, VX, Novichok agents).
Anticholinergic drugs have been reported to be extremely effective in 40% of the patients with the Pisa syndrome. [citation needed] Patients with Pisa syndrome that is resistant to anticholinergic drugs is mostly resolved by the reduction of the administration of the antipsychotic drugs as previously mentioned. While the specific pathology ...
Indirect acting parasympathomimetic substances may be either reversible cholinesterase inhibitors, irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors or substances that promote ACh release or anti-adrenergics. The latter inhibits the antagonistic system, the sympathetic nervous system. Reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. Donepezil; Edrophonium; Neostigmine
To treat postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome; As an antidote to anticholinergic poisoning; To reverse the effect of non-depolarising muscle relaxants; To treat neuropsychiatric symptoms of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, particularly apathy; To increase chances of lucid dreaming (by prolonging REM sleep) [10]
The Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) examination is a test used to identify the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD). The test is not meant to tell whether there is an absence or presence of tardive dyskinesia. It just scales to the level of symptoms indicated by the actions observed. The levels range from none to severe.