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The inside of a gougère. A gougère (French:), in French cuisine, is a baked savory choux pastry made of choux dough mixed with cheese.There are many variants. The cheese is commonly grated Gruyère, Comté, or Emmentaler, [1] [2] but there are many variants using other cheeses or other ingredients.
The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
The definition of life has long been a challenge for scientists and philosophers. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] This is partially because life is a process, not a substance. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] This is complicated by a lack of knowledge of the characteristics of living entities, if any, that may have developed outside Earth.
Douglas Joel Futuyma (born 24 April 1942) is an American evolutionary biologist.He is a Distinguished Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at Stony Brook University in Stony Brook, New York and a Research Associate on staff at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. [1]
Benign: present in some organisms, sometimes bioaccumulating, but generally having no apparent effects (except possible harmful effects, notes "a" or "b"). 1 Extremely rare on the Earth's surface (less than 1×10 −7 %, i.e. less than 1/10 as common as the least common essential element, selenium), thus has low potential for any kind of ...
Biogeography now incorporates many different fields including but not limited to physical geography, geology, botany and plant biology, zoology, general biology, and modelling. A biogeographer's main focus is on how the environment and humans affect the distribution of species as well as other manifestations of Life such as species or genetic ...
A tree of life, like this one from Charles Darwin's notebooks c. July 1837, implies a single common ancestor at its root (labelled "1").. A phylogenetic tree directly portrays the idea of evolution by descent from a single ancestor. [3]
The first English use of the expression "meaning of life" appears in Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus (1833–1834), book II chapter IX, "The Everlasting Yea". [1]Our Life is compassed round with Necessity; yet is the meaning of Life itself no other than Freedom, than Voluntary Force: thus have we a warfare; in the beginning, especially, a hard-fought battle.