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Which operation is performed, 3n + 1 / 2 or n / 2 , depends on the parity. The parity sequence is the same as the sequence of operations. Using this form for f(n), it can be shown that the parity sequences for two numbers m and n will agree in the first k terms if and only if m and n are equivalent modulo 2 k. This implies that ...
English: This is a graph, generated in bottom-up fashion, of the orbits of all numbers under the Collatz map with an orbit length of 20 or less. Created with Graphviz, with the help of this Python program: # This python script generates a graph that shows 20 levels of the Collatz Conjecture.
Look at the main article under "As a parity sequence" and the related section "Iterating on rational numbers with odd denominators". The parity sequences discussed can, of course, be played in reverse giving you similar equations. Also, check the references for "Blueprint for Failure: How to Construct a Counterexample to the Collatz Conjecture".
It is not hard to show that Σ(0) = 0, Σ(1) = 1, Σ(2) = 4, and with progressively more difficulty it can be shown that Σ(3) = 6, Σ(4) = 13 and Σ(5) = 4098 (sequence A028444 in the OEIS). Σ( n ) has not yet been determined for any instance of n > 5, although lower bounds have been established (see the Known values section below).
Lothar Collatz (German:; July 6, 1910 – September 26, 1990) was a German mathematician, born in Arnsberg, Westphalia. The "3x + 1" problem is also known as the Collatz conjecture, named after him and still unsolved. The Collatz–Wielandt formula for the Perron–Frobenius eigenvalue of a positive square matrix was also named after him.
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In the original Collatz sequence, the successor of n is either n / 2 (for even n) or 3n + 1 (for odd n). The value 3n + 1 is clearly even for odd n, hence the next term after 3n + 1 is surely 3n + 1 / 2 . In the sequence computed by the tag system below we skip this intermediate step, hence the successor of n is 3n + 1 / 2 ...