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Adult and child observers perceived a right heterotropia as more disturbing than a left heterotropia, and child observers perceived an esotropia as "worse" than an exotropia. [22] Successful surgical correction of strabismus, for adult as well as children, has been shown to have a significantly positive effect on psychological well-being. [23] [24]
The management of strabismus may include the use of drugs or surgery to correct the strabismus.Agents used include paralytic agents such as botox used on extraocular muscles, [1] topical autonomic nervous system agents to alter the refractive index in the eyes, and agents that act in the central nervous system to correct amblyopia.
Botulinum toxin therapy of strabismus is a medical technique used sometimes in the management of strabismus, in which botulinum toxin is injected into selected extraocular muscles in order to reduce the misalignment of the eyes. The injection of the toxin to treat strabismus, reported upon in 1981, is considered to be the first ever use of ...
diplopia or double vision - more seen in adults (maturity / plasticity of neural pathways) and suppression mechanisms of the brain in sorting out the images from the two eyes. cyclotropia, a cyclotorsional deviation of the eyes (rotation around the visual axis), particularly when the root cause is an oblique muscle paresis causing the hypertropia.
Esotropia (from Greek eso 'inward' and trope 'a turning' [1]) is a form of strabismus in which one or both eyes turn inward. The condition can be constantly present, or occur intermittently, and can give the affected individual a "cross-eyed" appearance. [2]
378 Strabismus and other disorders of binocular eye movements. 378.0 Convergent concomitant strabismus; 378.1 Divergent concomitant strabismus; 378.2 Intermittent heterotropia; 378.3 Other and unspecified heterotropia; 378.4 Heterophoria; 378.5 Paralytic strabismus; 378.6 Mechanical strabismus; 378.7 Other strabismus; 378.8 Other disorders of ...
A Cochrane Review on interventions for eye movement disorders due to acquired brain injury, [10] last updated June 2017, identified one study of botulinum toxin for acute sixth nerve palsy. [11] The Cochrane review authors judged this to be low-certainty evidence; the study was not masked and the estimate of effect was imprecise.
Brown syndrome is a rare form of strabismus characterized by limited elevation of the affected eye. The disorder may be congenital (existing at or before birth), or acquired. Brown syndrome is caused by a malfunction of the superior oblique muscle , causing the eye to have difficulty moving up, particularly during adduction (when eye turns ...