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This is a list of radioactive nuclides (sometimes also called isotopes), ordered by half-life from shortest to longest, in seconds, minutes, hours, days and years. Current methods make it difficult to measure half-lives between approximately 10 −19 and 10 −10 seconds.
3.3 Observationally stable nuclides for which decay has been searched for but not found (only lower bounds known) 3.4 Primordial radioactive nuclides (half-life > 10 8 years) 3.5 Radionuclides with half-lives of 10,000 years to 10 8 years
Sulfur (16 S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: 32 S (95.02%), 33 S (0.75%), 34 S (4.21%), and 36 S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).
Diamonds are not formed from highly compressed coal. Almost all commercially mined diamonds were formed in the conditions of extreme heat and pressure about 150 kilometers (93 mi) below the earth's surface. Coal is formed from prehistoric plants buried much closer to the surface, and is unlikely to migrate below 3.2 kilometers (2.0 mi) through ...
Later studies on the release of radioactive material due to the Windscale fire revealed that much of the contamination had resulted from such radiation leaks before the fire. [7] A 2010 study of workers involved in the cleanup of the accident found no significant long-term health effects from their involvement. [10] [11]
Example of a copper alloy object: a Neo-Sumerian foundation figure of Gudea, circa 2100 BC, made in the lost-wax cast method, overall: 17.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm, probably from modern-day Iraq, now in the Cleveland Museum of Art (Cleveland, Ohio, USA)
Global map of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale. [1] Annual GHG emissions by region, including agriculture and land use change, measured in carbon dioxide-equivalents over a 100-year timescale [2] Per capita annual GHG emissions, including agriculture and land use change, measured in ...
The formation scenarios have consequences for the planets' composition: A planet formed from supernova debris is likely rich in metals and radioactive isotopes [15] and may contain large quantities of water; [18] one formed through the break-up of a white dwarf would be carbon rich [15] and consist of large amounts of diamond; [19] an actual white dwarf fragment would be extremely dense. [15]