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Side effects of droxidopa include headache, dizziness, nausea, and hypertension, among others. [2] Droxidopa is a synthetic amino acid precursor which acts as a prodrug to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (noradrenaline). [4] Hence, it acts as a non-selective agonist of the α-and β-adrenergic receptors.
Drug titration is the process of adjusting the dose of a medication for the maximum benefit without adverse effects. [ 1 ] When a drug has a narrow therapeutic index , titration is especially important, because the range between the dose at which a drug is effective and the dose at which side effects occur is small. [ 2 ]
Dopamine was first synthesized in a laboratory in 1910 by George Barger and James Ewens in England. [8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [9] In human physiology dopamine is a neurotransmitter as well as a hormone. [10]
It is also used off-label for certain other indications. [10] The drug is taken by mouth. [1] Side effects of armodafinil include headache, nausea, dizziness, and insomnia. [1] Armodafinil acts as a selective atypical dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) and hence as an indirect dopamine receptor agonist.
Cabergoline requires slow dose titration (2–4 weeks for hyperprolactinemia, often much longer for other conditions) to minimize side effects. The extremely long bioavailability of the medication may complicate dosing regimens during titration and require particular precautions.
Common side effects include sleepiness, vomiting, and dizziness. [4] Serious side effects may include pathological gambling, low blood pressure with standing and hallucinations. [3] [4] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. [5] It is a dopamine agonist and works by triggering dopamine D 2 receptors. [4]
Dopamine receptor flow chart. Dopamine receptors are all G protein–coupled receptors, and are divided into two classes based on which G-protein they are coupled to. [1] The D 1-like class of dopamine receptors is coupled to Gα s/olf and stimulates adenylate cyclase production, whereas the D 2-like class is coupled to Gα i/o and thus inhibits adenylate cyclase production.
Desiccated thyroid extract (DTE), is thyroid gland that has been dried and powdered for medical use. [1] It is used to treat hypothyroidism, [1] but less preferred than levothyroxine. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1] Maximal effects may take up to three weeks to occur. [1] Side effects may occur from excessive doses. [1]
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