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Urbanization in India began to accelerate after independence, due to the country's adoption of a mixed economy, which gave rise to the development of the private sector. The population residing in urban areas in India, according to the 1901 census, was 11.4%, [ 1 ] increasing to 28.53% by the 2001 census, and is now currently 34% in 2017 ...
Although urbanization tends to produce more negative effects, one positive effect that urbanization has impacted is an increase in physical activity in comparison to rural areas. Residents of rural areas and communities in the United States have higher rates of obesity and engage in less physical activity than urban residents. [94]
India's 27.8 percent urban population lives in more than 5,100 towns and over 380 urban agglomerations. [6] In the decade of 1991–2001, migration to major cities caused rapid increase in urban population. [7] [8] The number of Indians living in urban areas has grown by 31.2% between 1991 and 2001. [9] Yet, in 2001, over 70% lived in rural areas.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was a massive city-modernization scheme launched by the Government of India under the Ministry of Urban Development. It envisaged a total investment of over $20 billion over seven years.
The Ministry of Urban Development used a competition-based method as a means for selecting cities for funding. [7] The state governments were asked to nominate potential cities with the overall count across India limited to 100. [8] A hundred cities have been selected so far to be upgraded as part of the Smart Cities Mission.
It was the 74th amendment to the Constitution of India in 1992 that brought constitutional validity to municipal or local governments. Until amendments were made in respective state municipal legislations as well, municipal authorities were organised on an ultra vires (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive ...
The increasing urbanisation of India in the 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or "Śramaṇa movements" which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. [83] Mahavira (c. 599–527 BCE), proponent of Jainism, and Gautama Buddha (c. 563–483 BCE), founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent icons of this movement.
India is a federal republic with three spheres of government: union, state and local. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation. [1] Since 1992, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms.