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Theophylline, also known as 1,3-dimethylxanthine, is a drug that inhibits phosphodiesterase and blocks adenosine receptors. [1] It is used to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma . [ 2 ]
Several stimulants are derived from xanthine, including caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine. [3] [4] Xanthine is a product on the pathway of purine degradation. [2] It is created from guanine by guanine deaminase. It is created from hypoxanthine by xanthine oxidoreductase. It is also created from xanthosine by purine nucleoside phosphorylase.
Paraxanthine, also known as 1,7-dimethylxanthine, is a metabolite of theophylline and theobromine, two well-known stimulants found in coffee, tea, and chocolate mainly in the form of caffeine. It is a member of the xanthine family of alkaloids, which includes theophylline, theobromine and caffeine.
theophylline, a bronchodilator; Methylated xanthines act as both competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitors, [6] which raise intracellular cAMP, activate PKA, inhibit TNF-alpha [7] [8] and leukotriene [9] synthesis, and reduce inflammation and innate immunity [9] and; nonselective adenosine receptor antagonists [10]
Xanthine derivatives such as caffeine and theophylline act as non-selective antagonists at A 1 and A 2A receptors in both heart and brain and so have the opposite effect to adenosine, producing a stimulant effect and rapid heart rate. [11]
An adenosine receptor antagonist is a drug which acts as an antagonist of one or more of the adenosine receptors. [1] The best known are xanthines and their derivatives (natural: caffeine, [2] theophylline, [3] and theobromine; and synthetic: PSB-1901 [4]), but there are also non-xanthine representatives (e.g. ISAM-140, [5] ISAM-R316, [6] etrumadenant, [7] and AZD-4635 [8])
Theobromine is a flat molecule, [3] a derivative of purine and an isomer of theophylline. [6] It is also classified as a dimethyl xanthine. [5] [7] Related compounds include theophylline, caffeine, paraxanthine, and 7-methylxanthine, each of which differ in the number or placement of the methyl groups. [5]
Doxofylline is a xanthine derivative drug used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.