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Binocular single vision: BV: Binocular vision: BVD: Back vertex distance BVP: Back vertex power CD: Centration distance C/D: Cup–disc ratio CF: Count fingers vision – state distance c/o or c.o. Complains of CT: Cover test c/u: Check up CW: Close work Δ: Prism dioptre D: Dioptres DC: Dioptres cylinder DNA: Did not attend DOB: Date of birth ...
Humphrey field analyser ( HFA) is a tool for measuring the human visual field that is commonly used by optometrists, orthoptists and ophthalmologists, particularly for detecting monocular visual field. [ 1] The results of the analyser identify the type of vision defect. Therefore, it provides information regarding the location of any disease ...
Distance PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes in their primary position, as the subject fixates on an infinitely distant object. [ 2] Near PD is the separation between the visual axes of the eyes, at the plane of the spectacle lenses, as the subject fixates on a near object at the intended working distance. [ 3]
Canine glaucoma refers to a group of diseases in dogs that affect the optic nerve and involve a loss of retinal ganglion cells in a characteristic pattern. An intraocular pressure greater than 22 mmHg (2.9 kPa) is a significant risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Untreated glaucoma in dogs leads to permanent damage of the optic nerve ...
Landolt C. Lea test. logMAR chart. An eye chart is a chart used to measure visual acuity comprising lines of optotypes in ranges of sizes. Optotypes are the letters or symbols shown on an eye chart. [ 1] Eye charts are often used by health care professionals, such as optometrists, physicians and nurses, to screen persons for vision impairment.
The Jaeger chart is an eye chart used in testing near visual acuity. It is a card on which paragraphs of text are printed, with the text sizes increasing from 0.37 mm to 2.5 mm. [ 1] This card is to be held by a patient at a fixed distance from the eye dependent on the J size being read. The smallest print that the patient can read determines ...
Electroretinography measures the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina, including the photoreceptors ( rods and cones ), inner retinal cells ( bipolar and amacrine cells), and the ganglion cells. Electrodes are placed on the surface of the cornea (DTL silver/nylon fiber string or ERG jet) or on the skin beneath the eye ...
A blind woman learns to use her guide dog in a test environment. Guide dogs (colloquially known in the US as seeing-eye dogs[ 1]) are assistance dogs trained to lead blind or visually impaired people around obstacles. Although dogs can be trained to navigate various obstacles, they are red–green colour blind and incapable of interpreting ...