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In medicine, public health, and biology, transmission is the passing of a pathogen causing communicable disease from an infected host individual or group to a particular individual or group, regardless of whether the other individual was previously infected. [ 1 ] The term strictly refers to the transmission of microorganisms directly from one ...
Bacterial conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. [ 1] This takes place through a pilus. [ 2][full citation needed] It is a parasexual mode of reproduction in bacteria. A micrograph displaying Escherichia coli undergoing bacterial ...
Direct-contact transmission also can occur between two patients, with one serving as the source of the infectious microorganisms and the other as a susceptible host. Indirect-contact transmission This involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object, usually inanimate, such as contaminated instruments, needles , or ...
A contagious disease is an infectious disease that is readily spread (that is, communicated) by transmission of a pathogen through contact (direct or indirect) with an infected person. [ 1] A disease is often known to be contagious before medical science discovers its causative agent. Koch's postulates, which were published at the end of the ...
Griffith's experiment, [ 1] performed by Frederick Griffith and reported in 1928, [ 2] was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation. [ 3][ 4] Griffith's findings were followed by research in the late 1930s and early 40s that isolated DNA as the ...
Fecal–oral transmission is primarily considered as an indirect contact route through contaminated food or water. However, it can also operate through direct contact with feces or contaminated body parts, such as through anal sex. [2] [3] It can also operate through droplet or airborne transmission through the toilet plume from contaminated ...
Airborne diseases can be transmitted from one individual to another through the air. The pathogens transmitted may be any kind of microbe, and they may be spread in aerosols, dust or droplets. The aerosols might be generated from sources of infection such as the bodily secretions of an infected individual, or biological wastes.
Virulence is a pathogen 's or microorganism 's ability to cause damage to a host. In most, especially in animal systems, virulence refers to the degree of damage caused by a microbe to its host. [1] The pathogenicity of an organism—its ability to cause disease —is determined by its virulence factors. [2] [3] In the specific context of gene ...