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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. [8] GOLD 2024 defined COPD as a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea or shortness of breath, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis ...
Pulmonology. End stage pulmonary disease ( ESPD) [2] is the result of chronic progressive lung diseases like COPD, [3] idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or systemic progressive diseases that affect the lungs such as cystic fibrosis or granulomatosis with polyangiitis. It is defined as when the lungs can no longer or barely remove enough carbon ...
Emphysema is any air-filled enlargement in the body's tissues. [ 5] Most commonly emphysema refers to the permanent enlargement of air spaces ( alveoli) in the lungs, [ 5][ 6] and is also known as pulmonary emphysema . Emphysema is a lower respiratory tract disease, [ 7] characterised by enlarged air-filled spaces in the lungs, that can vary in ...
Subcutaneous emphysema has a characteristic crackling-feel to the touch, a sensation that has been described as similar to touching warm Rice Krispies.[2] This sensation of air under the skin is known as subcutaneous crepitation,a form of crepitus. Numerous etiologies of subcutaneous emphysema have been described.
In individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and similar lung problems, the clinical features of oxygen toxicity are due to high carbon dioxide content in the blood ( hypercapnia ). [1] This leads to drowsiness (narcosis), deranged acid-base balance due to respiratory acidosis, and death. [2]
Obstructive lung disease is a category of respiratory disease characterized by airway obstruction. Many obstructive diseases of the lung result from narrowing (obstruction) of the smaller bronchi and larger bronchioles, often because of excessive contraction of the smooth muscle itself. It is generally characterized by inflamed and easily ...
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