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t. e. Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [ 1 ]
Artificial intelligence (AI), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines, particularly computer systems.It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. [1]
t. e. A standard Transformer architecture, showing on the left an encoder, and on the right a decoder. Note: it uses the pre-LN convention, which is different from the post-LN convention used in the original 2017 Transformer. A transformer is a deep learning architecture developed by researchers at Google and based on the multi-head attention ...
Foundation model. A foundation model, also known as large AI model, is a machine learning or deep learning model that is trained on broad data such that it can be applied across a wide range of use cases. [ 1 ] Foundation models have transformed artificial intelligence (AI), powering prominent generative AI applications like ChatGPT. [ 1 ]
v. t. e. In machine learning, a neural network (also artificial neural network or neural net, abbreviated ANN or NN) is a model inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks in animal brains. [ 1 ][ 2 ] An ANN consists of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the neurons in the brain.
Bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (BERT) is a language model introduced in October 2018 by researchers at Google. [ 1 ][ 2 ] It learns to represent text as a sequence of vectors using self-supervised learning. It uses the encoder-only transformer architecture. It is notable for its dramatic improvement over previous state ...
v. t. e. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a regularized type of feed-forward neural network that learns features by itself via filter (or kernel) optimization. This type of deep learning network has been applied to process and make predictions from many different types of data including text, images and audio. [ 1 ]
pre- 1950. Statistical methods are discovered and refined. 1950s. Pioneering machine learning research is conducted using simple algorithms. 1960s. Bayesian methods are introduced for probabilistic inference in machine learning. [ 1 ] 1970s. ' AI winter ' caused by pessimism about machine learning effectiveness.