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The landmark judgments on the direct effect of Directives are Van Duyn v Home Office, [8] which established vertical direct effect of Directives, and Marshall v Southampton Health Authority, [9] which established that there is no horizontal direct effect of unimplemented directives. The horizontal direct effect of Directives is a contentious issue.
In persuasive communication, the order of the information's presentation influences opinion formation. The law of primacy in persuasion, otherwise known as a primacy effect, as postulated by Frederick Hansen Lund in 1925 holds that the side of an issue presented first will have greater effectiveness in persuasion than the side presented subsequently. [1]
The Conference also decided to attach as an Annex to this Final Act the Opinion of the Council Legal Service on the primacy of EC law as set out in 11197/07 (JUR 260): Opinion of the Council Legal Service of 22 June 2007 It results from the case-law of the Court of Justice that primacy of EU law is a cornerstone principle of Union law.
See also recency effect, primacy effect and suffix effect. Spacing effect: That information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a long span of time rather than a short one. Spotlight effect: The tendency to overestimate the amount that other people notice one's appearance or behavior. Stereotype bias or stereotypical bias
The Treaty of Lisbon of 13 December 2007 did not include the article on primacy, but instead included a Declaration concerning primacy recalling the Costa v. ENEL judgment. ENEL judgment. French Judge Robert Lecourt, who was on the Court from 1962 to 1976, would later argue these decisions "added nothing" other than to "give effect" to the ...
For example, in Opel Austria v Council [1997] ECR II-39 Case T-115/94 The European Court of Justice held that European Council Regulation did not come into effect until it had been published. Opel had brought the action on the basis that the regulation in question violated the principle of legal certainty because it legally came into effect ...
Here are some Mandela effect examples that have confused me over the years — and many others too. Grab your friends and see which false memories you may share. 1.
It began its opinion by reaffirming the doctrine of direct effect, established in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen. Para. 14: Direct applicability in such circumstances means that rules of [Union] law must be fully and uniformly applied in all the Member States from the date of their entry into force and for so long ...