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A reduced diagram is a knot diagram in which there are no reducible crossings (also nugatory or removable crossings), or in which all of the reducible crossings have been removed. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A petal projection is a type of projection in which, instead of forming double points, all strands of the knot meet at a single crossing point, connected ...
In mathematics, and especially in category theory, a commutative diagram is a diagram of objects, also known as vertices, and morphisms, also known as arrows or edges, such that when selecting two objects any directed path through the diagram leads to the same result by composition.
The use of multiple representations supports and requires tasks that involve decision-making and other problem-solving skills. [2] [3] [4] The choice of which representation to use, the task of making representations given other representations, and the understanding of how changes in one representation affect others are examples of such mathematically sophisticated activities.
The attendant parallel displacement operations also had natural algebraic interpretations in terms of the connection. Koszul's definition was subsequently adopted by most of the differential geometry community, since it effectively converted the analytic correspondence between covariant differentiation and parallel translation to an algebraic one.
In mathematics and computer science, connectivity is one of the basic concepts of graph theory: it asks for the minimum number of elements (nodes or edges) that need to be removed to separate the remaining nodes into two or more isolated subgraphs. [1] It is closely related to the theory of network flow problems. The connectivity of a graph is ...
Shortest path (A, C, E, D, F) between vertices A and F in the weighted directed graph. In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the weights of its constituent edges is minimized.
Using the diagram and summing the incident branches into x 1 this equation is seen to be satisfied. As all three variables enter these recast equations in a symmetrical fashion, the symmetry is retained in the graph by placing each variable at the corner of an equilateral triangle. Rotating the figure 120° simply permutes the indices.
Using the standard formalism of probability theory, let and be two random variables defined on probability spaces (,,) and (,,).Then a coupling of and is a new probability space (,,) over which there are two random variables and such that has the same distribution as while has the same distribution as .