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Central cord syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). It is characterized by loss of power and sensation in arms and hands. It usually results from trauma which causes damage to the neck, leading to major injury to the central corticospinal tract of the spinal cord. [1]
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, often called by the shortened term neurogenic bladder, refers to urinary bladder problems due to disease or injury of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of urination. [1] [2] There are multiple types of neurogenic bladder depending on the underlying cause and the symptoms.
Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (), compression (compression neuropathy), chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy).
Bladder problems (See also urinary system and urination) appear in 70–80% of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and they have an important effect both on hygiene habits and social activity. [51] [52] Bladder problems are usually related with high levels of disability and pyramidal signs in lower limbs. [53]
An "incomplete" spinal cord injury involves preservation of motor or sensory function below the level of injury in the spinal cord. [19] To be classed as incomplete, there must be some preservation of sensation or motion in the areas innervated by S4 to S5, [ 20 ] including voluntary external anal sphincter contraction. [ 19 ]
[citation needed] In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. [7] In chronic retention, ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml). [citation needed]
However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women. [80] Women over the age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems. [74] One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy. [81]
Functional neurologic disorder, or functional neurological disorder (FND), is a condition in which patients experience neurological symptoms such as weakness, movement problems, sensory symptoms, and convulsions.