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  2. Open system (systems theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(systems_theory)

    In the social sciences an open system is a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital and information with its environment. French/Greek philosopher Kostas Axelos argued that seeing the "world system" as inherently open (though unified) would solve many of the problems in the social sciences, including that of praxis (the relation of knowledge to practice), so that various social ...

  3. Open system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system

    Open system (systems theory), in the natural and social sciences, a process that exchanges material, energy, people, capital or information with its environment Open system (thermodynamics) , in thermodynamics and physics, a system where matter and energy can enter or leave, in contrast to a closed system where energy can enter or leave but ...

  4. Systems theory in anthropology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_theory_in_anthropology

    The open systems are systems that allow interactions between its internal elements and the environment. An open system is defined as a "system in exchange of matter with its environment, presenting import and export, building-up and breaking-down of its material components." [4] For example, living organism. Closed systems, on the other hand ...

  5. List of open file formats - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open_file_formats

    An open file format is a file format for storing digital data, defined by a published specification usually maintained by a standards organization, and which can be used and implemented by anyone. For example, an open format can be implemented by both proprietary and free and open source software , using the typical software licenses used by each.

  6. List of types of systems theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_types_of_systems...

    This list of types of systems theory gives an overview of different types of systems theory, which are mentioned in scientific book titles or articles. [1] The following more than 40 types of systems theory are all explicitly named systems theory and represent a unique conceptual framework in a specific field of science .

  7. List of academic fields - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_fields

    There is no consensus on how some academic disciplines should be classified (e.g., whether anthropology and linguistics are disciplines of social sciences or fields within the humanities). More generally, the proper criteria for organizing knowledge into disciplines are also open to debate.

  8. Systems science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_science

    Systems science, also referred to as systems research or simply systems, [1] is a transdisciplinary [2] field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology and science, itself.

  9. List of systems sciences organizations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_systems_sciences...

    Systems science and systemics are names for all research related to systems theory. It is defined as an emerging branch of science that studies holistic systems and tries to develop logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical ...