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Mass near the M87* black hole is converted into a very energetic astrophysical jet, stretching five thousand light years. In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement.
Total energy is the sum of rest energy = and relativistic kinetic energy: = = + Invariant mass is mass measured in a center-of-momentum frame. For bodies or systems with zero momentum, it simplifies to the mass–energy equation E 0 = m 0 c 2 {\displaystyle E_{0}=m_{0}c^{2}} , where total energy in this case is equal to rest energy.
The equation is often written this way because the difference is the relativistic length of the energy momentum four-vector, a length which is associated with rest mass or invariant mass in systems. Where m > 0 and p = 0 , this equation again expresses the mass–energy equivalence E = m .
Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c 2) [3] 10 −36: 1.8 × 10 −36 kg 1 eV/c 2, the mass equivalent of one electronvolt [4] 3.6 × 10 −36 kg Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c 2) [5] 10 −33 quectogram (qg) 10 −31: 9.11 × 10 −31 kg
Total mass–energy of our galaxy, the Milky Way, including dark matter and dark energy [342] [343] 1.4×10 59 J Mass-energy of the Andromeda galaxy (M31), ~0.8 trillion solar masses. [344] [345] 10 62 1–2×10 62 J: Total mass–energy of the Virgo Supercluster including dark matter, the Supercluster which contains the Milky Way [346] 10 70: ...
The greatest energy source by far is matter itself, according to the mass–energy equivalence. This energy is described by E = mc 2 , where c is the speed of light. In terms of density, m = ρV , where ρ is the volumetric mass density, V is the volume occupied by the mass.
Today, the relation of mass, momentum, velocity, and all forms of energy – including electromagnetic energy – is analyzed on the basis of Albert Einstein's special relativity and mass–energy equivalence. As to the cause of mass of elementary particles, the Higgs mechanism in the framework of the relativistic Standard Model is currently ...
the electronvolt (eV), a unit of energy, used to express mass in units of eV/c 2 through mass–energy equivalence; the dalton (Da), equal to 1/12 of the mass of a free carbon-12 atom, approximately 1.66 × 10 −27 kg. [note 2] Outside the SI system, other units of mass include: the slug (sl), an Imperial unit of mass (about 14.6 kg)