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Spinosad is relatively nonpolar and not easily dissolved in water. [6] Spinosad is a novel mode-of-action insecticide derived from a family of natural products obtained by fermentation of S. spinosa. Spinosyns occur in over 20 natural forms, and over 200 synthetic forms (spinosoids) have been produced in the lab. [7]
The metabolism of bees and humans is sufficiently different that bees can safely collect nectars from plants that contain compounds toxic to humans. The honey produced by bees from these toxic nectars can be poisonous if consumed by humans. In addition, natural processes can introduce toxic substances into honey produced from nontoxic nectar.
Imidacloprid is more toxic to bees than the organophosphate dimethoate (oral LD 50 152 ng/bee) or the pyrethroid cypermethrin (oral LD 50 160 ng/bee). [34] The toxicity of imidacloprid to bees differs from most insecticides in that it is more toxic orally than by contact. The contact acute LD 50 is 0.024 μg active ingredient per bee. [35]
Among others, Spinosad is widely documented to be highly toxic to honeybees. This article maks no mention of this fact, and instead states that is is not harmful to beneficial insects. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wiltonj (talk • contribs) 19:20, 18 March 2008 (UTC) Thank you for your suggestion.
Many species of bee and wasp that occur together are Müllerian mimics. Their similar coloration teaches predators that a striped pattern is associated with being stung. Therefore, a predator which has had a negative experience with any such species will likely avoid any that resemble it in the future.
Fipronil is also used in Brazil and studies on the stingless bee Scaptotrigona postica have shown adverse reactions to the pesticide, including seizures, paralysis, and death with a lethal dose of .54 ng a.i./bee and a lethal concentration of .24 ng a.i./μl diet. These values are highly toxic in Scaptotrigona postica and bees in general. [24]
A "bee invasion" halted play on a court at the BNP Paribas Open tennis tournament in California on Thursday, and video showed the insects swarming over a camera lens and buzzing around players.
Alternatively, the bee may come into contact with an insecticide and transport it back to the colony in contaminated pollen or nectar or on its body, potentially causing widespread colony death. [3] Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application.