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Pneumono: from ancient Greek (πνεύμων, pneúmōn) which means lungs; ultra: from Latin, meaning beyond; micro and scopic: from ancient Greek, meaning small looking, referring to the fineness of particulates; silico-: from Latin, silicon; volcano: from Latin, referring to volcano; coni: from ancient Greek (κόνις, kónis) which means dust
English orthography does not always provide an underlying representation; sometimes it provides an intermediate representation between the underlying form and the surface pronunciation. This is the case with the spelling of the regular plural morpheme, which is written as either - s (as in tat, tats and hat, hats ) or - es (as in glass, glasses ).
Country codes; e.g., "Switzerland" can indicate the letters CH; ICAO spelling alphabet: where Mike signifies M and Romeo R; Conventional abbreviations for US cities and states: for example, "New York" can indicate NY and "California" CA or CAL. The abbreviation is not always a short form of the word used in the clue. For example:
IMV is a form of ventilation where the ventilator delivers mandatory breaths, but spontaneous breaths are possible between mandatory breaths. Mandatory breaths can be delivered at a set frequency (with spontaneous breaths occurring in between), or can be delivered whenever breath volume per minute falls below a set point.
A hyphenation algorithm is a set of rules, especially one codified for implementation in a computer program, that decides at which points a word can be broken over two lines with a hyphen. For example, a hyphenation algorithm might decide that impeachment can be broken as impeach-ment or im-peachment but not impe-achment.
Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.
Hypoventilation is not synonymous with respiratory arrest, in which breathing ceases entirely and death occurs within minutes due to hypoxia and leads rapidly into complete anoxia, although both are medical emergencies. Hypoventilation can be considered a precursor to hypoxia, and its lethality is attributed to hypoxia with carbon dioxide toxicity.
A shortening is an abbreviation formed by removing at least the last letter of a word (e.g. etc. and rhino), and sometimes also containing letters not present in the full form (e.g. bike). As a general rule, use a full point after a shortening that only exists in writing (e.g. etc.) but not for a shortening that is used in speech (e.g. rhino).