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CO 2 /H 2 S ratios are used to define the characteristic gas composition of the sampled area. [16] The ratio can be a tool for understanding how the magmatic gas may have been scrubbed. [16] Other molar ratios and gas species measured by a multi-GAS can provide information for further analysis of volcanic conditions. [3]
The list is split into broad categories, depending on the intended use of the software and its scope of functionality. Notice that 'free and open-source' requires that the source code is available and users are given a free software license. Simple being 'free of charge' is not sufficient—see gratis versus libre.
Typical examples include the development of calderas and resurgences, pit craters, dikes, sills, laccoliths, magma chambers, eruptive fissures, volcanic rift zones and any type of volcano flank dynamics, including sector collapses. In the second case, the process controlling the magma may have a regional extent, also outside the volcanic area.
Prediction of volcanic activity, and volcanic eruption forecasting, is an interdisciplinary monitoring and research effort to predict the time and severity of a volcano's eruption. Of particular importance is the prediction of hazardous eruptions that could lead to catastrophic loss of life, property, and disruption of human activities.
Exploration geophysics is an applied branch of geophysics and economic geology, which uses physical methods at the surface of the Earth, such as seismic, gravitational, magnetic, electrical and electromagnetic, to measure the physical properties of the subsurface, along with the anomalies in those properties.
Geothermal exploration is the exploration of the subsurface in search of viable active geothermal regions with the goal of building a geothermal power plant, where hot fluids drive turbines to create electricity. [1] Exploration methods include a broad range of disciplines including geology, geophysics, geochemistry and engineering. [2]
Wind played a key role in volcano explanations until the 16th century after Anaxagoras, in the fifth century BC, had proposed eruptions were caused by a great wind. [19] Lucretius , a Roman philosopher, claimed Etna was completely hollow and the fires of the underground driven by a fierce wind circulating near sea level.
Prospecting pickaxes are used to scrape at rocks and minerals, obtaining small samples that can be tested for trace amounts of ore. Modern prospecting pickaxes are also sometimes equipped with magnets, to aid in the gathering of ferromagnetic ores. Prospecting pickaxes are usually equipped with a triangular head, with a very sharp point.