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It is composed of a fluid plasma in which hemolymph cells called hemocytes are suspended. In addition to hemocytes, the plasma also contains many chemicals. It is the major tissue type of the open circulatory system characteristic of arthropods (for example, arachnids, crustaceans and insects).
The condition of having too few red blood cells is known as anemia, while having too many is polycythemia. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is the rate at which RBCs sink to the bottom (when placed in a vertical column after adding an anticoagulant). Normal values of ESR are: • 3 to 5 mm per hour in males. • 4 to 7 mm per hour in females.
An insect uses its digestive system to extract nutrients and other substances from the food it consumes. [3]Most of this food is ingested in the form of macromolecules and other complex substances (such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids) which must be broken down by catabolic reactions into smaller molecules (i.e. amino acids, simple sugars, etc.) before being used by cells ...
Ecdysone is a [clarification needed] prohormone of the major insect molting hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone, secreted from the prothoracic glands.It is of steroidal structure. Insect molting hormones (ecdysone and its homologues) are generally called ecdysteroids.
O 2-bound form of a hemocyanin active site (the Cu 2 center is a dication, charge not shown). Hemocyanin is homologous to the phenol oxidases (e.g. tyrosinase ) since both proteins have histidine residues, called "type 3" copper-binding coordination centers, as do the enzymes tyrosinase and catechol oxidase . [ 19 ]
Additionally, these insects tend to be relatively large, long-lived, active, and frequently aggregate. [2] Indeed, longer-lived insects are more likely to be chemically defended than short lived ones, as longevity increases apparency. [9] Throughout the arthropod and insect realm, however, chemical defenses are quite unevenly distributed.
Some invertebrates, including various insects, crabs, and worms utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) system. [ 34 ] Antimicrobial peptides are an evolutionarily conserved component of the innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the main form of invertebrate ...
Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. [165] Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. [ 166 ]