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  2. History of centrifugal and centripetal forces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_centrifugal_and...

    According to a more recent formulation of classical mechanics, centrifugal force depends on the choice of how phenomena can be conveniently represented. Hence it is not located in nature, but is the result of a choice by the observer. In the first case a mathematical formulation mirrors centrifugal force; in the second it creates it. [1]

  3. Charles Dugas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dugas

    Charles Dugas (22 October 1885, in Alès – 4 October 1957, in Montpellier [1]) was a 20th-century French archaeologist, specialized in the study of pottery of ancient Greece, a member of the French School at Athens and dean of the Faculté des lettres de Lyon.

  4. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigorous_coupled-wave_analysis

    Analysis of plane wave scattering from a subwavelength plasmonic grating with RCWA method. Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), also known as Fourier modal method (FMM), [1] is a semi-analytical method in computational electromagnetics that is most typically applied to solve scattering from periodic dielectric structures.

  5. Virtual work - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_work

    This formulation of the principle is today known as the principle of virtual velocities and is commonly considered as the prototype of the contemporary virtual work principles. [3] In 1743 D'Alembert published his Traité de Dynamique where he applied the principle of virtual work, based on Bernoulli's work, to solve various problems in dynamics.

  6. Derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivation_of_the_Navier...

    The derivation of the Navier–Stokes equations as well as their application and formulation for different families of fluids, is an important exercise in fluid dynamics with applications in mechanical engineering, physics, chemistry, heat transfer, and electrical engineering.

  7. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    The full expanded form of the Standard Model Lagrangian. We can now give some more detail about the aforementioned free and interaction terms appearing in the Standard Model Lagrangian density. Any such term must be both gauge and reference-frame invariant, otherwise the laws of physics would depend on an arbitrary choice or the frame of an ...

  8. Mechanics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics

    Matrix mechanics is an alternative formulation that allows considering systems with a finite-dimensional state space. Quantum statistical mechanics generalizes ordinary quantum mechanics to consider systems in an unknown state; often used to derive thermodynamic properties. Particle physics, the motion, structure, and behavior of fundamental ...

  9. k–omega turbulence model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K–omega_turbulence_model

    In computational fluid dynamics, the k–omega (k–ω) turbulence model is a common two-equation turbulence model, that is used as an approximation for the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations).