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The pope, encouraged by the cardinal protector Giustiniani issued a papal decree approving the union of the Lucca Fathers with the Piarists of Saint Joseph Calasanz. This union would last only until the beginning of 1617 when Paul V issued another decree constituting the Piarists as a separate congregation. St. Giovanni Leonardi
Control was always contested; indeed it took until the 16th century for the Pope to have any genuine control over all his territories. Papal responsibilities were often in conflict. The Papal States were involved in at least three wars in the first two decades of the 16th century. [38] Julius II, the "Warrior Pope", fought on their behalf.
After the death of Pope Innocent IX (1591), another stormy conclave ensued, in which a determined minority of Italian Cardinals were unwilling to be dictated to by Philip II of Spain. Known to be very intelligent, disciplined, and in tune with the inner workings of the Church, [ 7 ] Cardinal Aldobrandini was elected on 30 January 1592, as a ...
The world map by the Italian Amerigo Vespucci (from whose name the word America is derived) and Belgian Gerardus Mercator shows (besides the classical continents Europe, Africa, and Asia) the Americas as America sive India Nova', New Guinea, and other islands of Southeast Asia, as well as a hypothetical Arctic continent and a yet undetermined Terra Australis.
Pope Pius V instituted the feast of Our Lady of Victory, and Philip II of Spain used the victory to strengthen his position as the "Most Catholic King" and defender of Christendom against Muslim incursion. [16] Historian Paul K. Davis writes that More than a military victory, Lepanto was a moral one.
Philip II [note 1] (21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598), sometimes known in Spain as Philip the Prudent (Spanish: Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain [note 2] from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.
The capture of the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa and the city of Veracruz (1568) by John Hawkins, and Drake's series of attacks through the Caribbean between 1585 and 1586, during which he captured Santo Domingo and Cartagena, prompted Philip II to send the renowned Italian engineer Juan Bautista Antonelli to design modern fortifications at San ...
In 1556, Charles V abdicated in favour of his son Philip II and his brother Ferdinand I. Charles's Italian possessions, including Milan, passed to Philip II and remained with the Spanish line of Habsburgs, while Ferdinand's Austrian line of Habsburgs ruled the Holy Roman Empire. A 150-year period of Spanish domination then began.