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In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted b n, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. [1] When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of the base: that is, b n is the product of multiplying n bases: [1] = ⏟.
The multiplication of two odd numbers is always odd, but the multiplication of an even number with any number is always even. An odd number raised to a power is always odd and an even number raised to power is always even, so for example x n has the same parity as x. Consider any primitive solution (x, y, z) to the equation x n + y n = z n.
As one special case, it can be used to prove that if n is a positive integer then 4 divides () if and only if n is not a power of 2. It follows from Legendre's formula that the p -adic exponential function has radius of convergence p − 1 / ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle p^{-1/(p-1)}} .
In elementary algebra, the binomial theorem (or binomial expansion) describes the algebraic expansion of powers of a binomial.According to the theorem, the power (+) expands into a polynomial with terms of the form , where the exponents and are nonnegative integers satisfying + = and the coefficient of each term is a specific positive integer ...
In mathematics and statistics, sums of powers occur in a number of contexts: . Sums of squares arise in many contexts. For example, in geometry, the Pythagorean theorem involves the sum of two squares; in number theory, there are Legendre's three-square theorem and Jacobi's four-square theorem; and in statistics, the analysis of variance involves summing the squares of quantities.
Numbers of the form 31·16 n always require 16 fourth powers. 68 578 904 422 is the last known number that requires 9 fifth powers (Integer sequence S001057, Tony D. Noe, Jul 04 2017), 617 597 724 is the last number less than 1.3 × 10 9 that requires 10 fifth powers, and 51 033 617 is the last number less than 1.3 × 10 9 that requires 11.
In arithmetic and algebra, the seventh power of a number n is the result of multiplying seven instances of n together. So: n 7 = n × n × n × n × n × n × n. Seventh powers are also formed by multiplying a number by its sixth power, the square of a number by its fifth power, or the cube of a number by its fourth power.
Every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of at most 19 fourth powers; every integer larger than 13792 can be expressed as the sum of at most 16 fourth powers (see Waring's problem). Fermat knew that a fourth power cannot be the sum of two other fourth powers (the n = 4 case of Fermat's Last Theorem; see Fermat's right triangle theorem).